Fire Pump: Functions, Types, and Applications in Fire Extinguishing Systems

Fire pump is a mechanical device designed to increase the pressure of water used in fire suppression systems. Fire pumps are essential in distributing water with sufficient volume and pressure to extinguish fires, especially in high-rise buildings, factories, or areas with high fire risks. In this article, we will discuss the function, types, and applications of fire pumps in more depth.

The Function Of A Fire Pump Is

The main function of a fire pump is to increase the water pressure in a fire extinguishing system when the pressure from the main water source, such as a city water network or a water tank, is not enough to reach the fire location. Fire pumps usually operate automatically when they detect a decrease in pressure in the pipe caused by the activation of fire extinguishing equipment, such as sprinklers or hydrants. Thus, fire pumps ensure a consistent water supply to extinguish the fire more effectively.

Types of Fire Pumps

Fire pumps can be divided into several types based on their design and driving power source:

1. Centrifugal Fire Pump
   This type of pump is the most commonly used in fire fighting systems. Its working principle is based on centrifugal force, where water is sucked into the impeller and pushed out through the discharge channel. Centrifugal fire pumps have various variants, such as:
   • Horizontal Split Case Pump
     It has an impeller mounted horizontally between two pump covers. This pump is easy to maintain because its design allows access to the inside without having to remove the pump from its place.
   • Vertical Turbine Pump
     Used in locations with deep water sources, such as wells or underground reservoirs. These pumps are designed to draw water from the depths and deliver it to the firefighting system.
   • End Suction Pump
     This type of pump has a configuration with an inlet at one end and an outlet at the other end. It is suitable for low to medium capacity applications.
2. Positive Displacement Pump
   Positive displacement pumps work on the principle of flowing a certain volume of water per pump cycle. Typically used for applications with high pressure and low volume requirements.
3. Engine-Driven Fire Pump
   This fire pump is powered by a diesel or petrol engine. It is usually used as a backup if the main power source is unavailable. This machine is designed to operate in emergency conditions and ensure the water supply is maintained.
4. Electric Motor-Driven Fire Pump
   Widely used in firefighting systems that have a stable power supply. This pump is easy to operate and requires less maintenance than engine-driven fire pumps.

The Main Components of a Fire Pump Are

Each fire pump consists of several main components that ensure its proper functioning, including:

1. Impeller
   The rotating part of the pump that functions to suck and push water.
2. Casing
   A pump cover that holds water pressure and protects internal components.
3. Suction and Discharge Nozzles
   Channels used to channel water in (suction) and water out (discharge).
4. Pressure Relief Valve
   This valve functions to release excess pressure that can damage the pump system.
5. Controller
   A control unit that regulates when the pump turns on and off based on signals from the fire detection system.

Application of Fire Pump in Fire Fighting System

Fire pumps are usually installed in commercial buildings, industries, and public facilities that require fire protection. Their placement is often in a special room (pump room) designed to facilitate access for maintenance and operation. Fire extinguishing systems equipped with fire pumps generally include the following components:

1. Sprinkler System
   Fire pumps increase water pressure to distribute water to each sprinkler installed throughout the building area.
2. Hydrant System
   Fire pumps help to deliver water to hydrants so that firefighters can easily access high-pressure water from the nearest hydrant point.
3. Standpipe System
   Used in high-rise buildings to ensure water can reach each floor with adequate pressure.
4. Foam System
   Some fire systems use a mixture of water and foam to extinguish fires caused by flammable liquids. A fire pump is used to pump this mixture to the affected area.

Fire pumps are a crucial part of a fire extinguishing system that serves to ensure sufficient water supply with adequate pressure during a fire. Selecting the right type of fire pump requires considering the specific needs of the fire extinguishing system used, such as the water capacity required, available resources, and the environmental conditions in which the pump is operated. With proper application and maintenance, fire pumps can be a reliable tool in maintaining the safety of buildings and their occupants from risk fire